文章来源:Fangqi Wena, b, Erik H. Wangc, and Michael Hout. (2024). Social mobility in the Tang Dynasty as the Imperial Examination rose and aristocratic family pedigree declined, 618–907 CE. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(4), e2305564121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2305564121.
整理人:杨文,2023级硕士生
整理时间:2024年4月23日
Abstract: Data from the distant past are fertile ground for testing social science theories of education and social mobility. In this study, we construct a dataset from 3,640 tomb epitaphs of males in China’s Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE), which contain granular and extensive information about the ancestral origins, family background, and career histories of the deceased elites. Our statistical analysis of the complete profiles yields evidence of the transition away from an aristocratic society in three key trends: 1) family pedigree (i.e., aristocracy) mattered less for career achievement over time, 2) passing the Imperial Examination (Keju) became an increasingly important predictor of one’s career achievement, and 3) father’s position always mattered throughout the Tang, especially for men who did not pass the Keju. The twilight of medieval Chinese aristocracy, according to the data, began in as early as the mid-seventh century CE.
摘要:来自遥远过去的数据是检验教育和社会流动性社会科学理论的肥沃土壤。在这项研究中,我们从3640个中国唐代(公元618–907年)男性墓志中构建了一个数据集,其中包含了关于已故精英的祖先出身、家庭背景和职业史的详细而广泛的信息。我们对完整档案的统计分析表明,随着时间的推移,家族血统(即贵族)对职业成就的影响越来越小,通过科举考试(科举)成为一个人职业成就的一个越来越重要的预测因素,3)父亲的地位在整个唐王朝一直很重要,尤其是对没有通过科举的男人来说。据资料显示,早在公元七世纪中期,中世纪中国贵族阶层就开始衰落。
图 唐代已故精英(杜忠良)墓志拓本
注:红色=姓名;蓝色=祖父和父亲的全名和职务;黄色=已故精英的职业轨迹;绿色=死亡年龄和死亡时间。资料来源:中国国家图书馆。
图 官职分布在唐代精英阶层中
注:从左到右,每个条形图按等级顺序代表一个级别类别,得分从10分(无职位或无级别)到1分(最高),级别内有两到四个级别。
图 随着时间的推移,祖先分支、科居成功率和父亲级别对职位级别的影响的估计(95%置信区间的点估计)
原文链接:https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2305564121?doi=10.1073/pnas.2305564121
节选转引:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/w_PP8sNQXOOYyvzOmkUjdw