文章信息:Kiss, A., Viglione, A., Barriendos, M., Enzi, S., Bauch, M., Decker, K., ... & Blöschl, G. (2026). Cascading continental-scale floods across Europe in 1342-1343. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10888-8
整理人:徐嘉苗,2025级硕士研究生
整理时间:2026年8月22日
Abstract: Europe has experienced extreme floods in recent decades. However, even larger floods are possible and must be considered in flood risk management1,2. Their characteristics can be clarified by analysing the largest documented historical floods. In Central Europe, the Magdalena Flood of July 1342 is usually considered the largest of the last millennium; however, knowledge of its characteristics is incomplete3–7. Here we show that 16 major flood events occurred across much of Europe between late 1341 and 1343. Four of these events had return periods of 500–1,000 years (the Magdalena, Bartholomew, Candlemas and Jacob Floods). Although Magdalena was thought previously to be the only extreme European flood in 13423,7, our new documentary dataset suggests that it formed part of a broader sequence. The year with the greatest number of extreme floods during the past 700 years was 1342, and 1343 ranks among the top ten. This highly unusual sequence of floods had substantial socio-economic impacts, including a paradigm shift in flood mitigation measures in Europe. A series of volcanic eruptions along with multi-annual Arctic sea ice retreat is a plausible cause of this flood sequence. Clusters of extreme floods occurring within a few months are rarely considered in risk management8. Quick and proactive risk strategies are needed that account for this eventuality.
摘要:欧洲在近几十年经历了极端的洪涝灾害。然而,即使是较大的洪水也是可能的,在洪水风险管理中必须考虑。它们的特征可以通过分析有记载的最大历史洪水来阐明。在中欧地区,1342年7月的马格达莱纳洪灾通常被认为是近千年来最大的一次;然而,对其特征的认识并不完整3。我们发现,在1341年末至1343年之间,欧洲大部分地区发生了16次大洪水事件。其中4个事件的重现期为500 ~ 1 000年(玛格达莱娜、巴多罗买、圣烛节和Jacob Floods)。 虽然马格达莱纳之前被认为是134237年欧洲唯一的极端洪水,但我们的新文献数据表明,它构成了一个更广泛的序列的一部分。近700年来发生极端洪涝灾害最多的年份为1342年,1343年位居前十位。这种极不寻常的洪水序列产生了巨大的社会经济影响,包括欧洲的洪水缓解措施的范式转变。一系列的火山喷发和多年一遇的北极海冰退缩是造成这次洪水序列的可能原因。在风险管理中很少考虑几个月内发生的极端洪水的集群 ,需要采取快速和主动的风险策略来应对这种可能性。
1. 研究背景
2. 研究意义
3. 研究方法
4. 主要结论
5. 研究展望
6. 研究主要图表

01 欧洲1342 - 1343年水灾的概念重构

02 1342年和1343年洪涝灾害和气象信息的时空分布

03 1342年和1343年洪涝灾害的社会经济影响

04 在过去的700年里,欧洲每年都会发生大洪水和特大洪水

05 最近六十年来最匹配的类似物是1341 - 1343年的16次欧洲洪水

06 欧洲极端天气和洪涝灾害可能的地外和地内原因
原文链接:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10888-8
原文转引:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/anTP2Nggc_gclKIifhLT1w